Pig Farming Insurance in Rwanda: Disease & Mortality| A Comprehensive Guide by FarmXpert Group | Updated 2025

 

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Insurance for Pig Farming Against Disease and Mortality in Rwanda

Imagine waking up one morning to find that half of your pig herd has been wiped out overnight by African Swine Fever — a disease that spreads fast, kills faster, and leaves no room for hesitation. For the thousands of pig farmers across Rwanda, this is not a hypothetical nightmare. It is a lived reality that has financially devastated families, collapsed small agribusinesses, and set back years of rural development progress.

Pig farming — technically known as swine or porcine livestock production — is one of Rwanda's fastest-growing agricultural sectors. Pigs are prolific breeders, feed efficiently, and convert table scraps and agricultural by-products into valuable protein. For smallholder farmers and commercial pig producers alike, pigs represent real money, real livelihoods, and real hope.

Yet for all its promise, the pig farming industry in Rwanda remains extraordinarily vulnerable to disease outbreaks and sudden mortality events. Without a financial safety net, one outbreak can erase everything. This is where livestock insurance — specifically, pig farming insurance against disease and mortality — becomes not just useful, but absolutely essential.

In this comprehensive guide, FarmXpert Group walks you through everything you need to know about insuring your pig farming enterprise in Rwanda: why it matters, how it works, what it covers, where to find it, and how to make it work for your farm — whether you raise 5 pigs or 5,000.

1. Understanding Rwanda's Pig Farming Sector

1.1 The Scale and Significance of Pig Production in Rwanda

Rwanda has made remarkable strides in agricultural transformation under its Vision 2050 and Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategies (EDPRS). Within this framework, livestock farming — including pig production — has been identified as a priority sector for driving rural income, improving nutrition, and reducing post-harvest losses in a protein-deficient food environment.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rwanda's pig population has grown significantly over the past decade, with smallholder farmers accounting for the majority of pork production. The government's strategic investment in improved pig breeds such as Large White, Landrace, and Duroc crosses has helped boost productivity — but has also increased the financial stakes when disease strikes.

Check on FAO Rwanda Country Profile, www.fao.org/rwanda

Pigs in Rwanda are raised in diverse systems — from extensive backyard systems in rural villages, to semi-intensive smallholder farms, to emerging commercial piggeries in peri-urban areas around Kigali, Huye, Musanze, and Rubavu. The diversity of production systems reflects both the adaptability of pig farming and the varying levels of biosecurity, veterinary access, and market integration available to different farmers.

             Key pig farming zones in Rwanda

1.2 The Economic Contribution of Pigs to Rwandan Families

In Rwanda's rural economy, pigs serve multiple roles simultaneously: they are a savings account, a source of income, a source of protein, and a cultural asset. Families raise pigs to pay school fees, fund weddings, cover medical bills, and reinvest in farm expansion. According to the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB), pork ranks among the most preferred protein sources for urban consumers, and demand continues to grow alongside Rwanda's rising middle class.

This economic centrality is precisely what makes disease-related losses so devastating. When a pig farmer loses their herd to illness, they do not just lose animals — they lose an entire financial ecosystem built over months or years of investment.

Check on Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB),rab.gov.rw

 2. The Major Disease and Mortality Risks in Rwandan Pig Farming

Before exploring insurance, it is important to understand exactly what threats pig farmers in Rwanda face. Knowing your risks is the foundation of smart insurance planning.

2.1 African Swine Fever (ASF): The Most Feared Disease

African Swine Fever (ASF) is arguably the most catastrophic disease risk facing pig farmers in Rwanda and across Sub-Saharan Africa. ASF is a highly contagious hemorrhagic fever caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). It has a mortality rate approaching 100% in domestic pigs and has no available vaccine or treatment.

The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH/OIE) classifies ASF as a notifiable disease of significant economic importance. Rwanda has experienced recurrent ASF outbreaks, with cross-border transmission from the Democratic Republic of Congo and other neighboring countries remaining a persistent threat.

Check on World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), www.woah.org

⚠️ ASF Mortality Impact A single ASF outbreak can wipe out 100% of an unvaccinated pig herd within days. In Rwanda's Eastern Province, outbreaks have caused losses exceeding millions of Rwandan Francs for medium-scale farmers with no insurance coverage.

2.2 Classical Swine Fever (CSF)

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as Hog Cholera, is another major viral disease affecting pigs in Rwanda. While a vaccine exists, inadequate vaccination coverage in rural areas means CSF continues to cause significant losses. The disease spreads through direct contact with infected pigs, contaminated feed, or infected animal products, making it particularly dangerous in areas with high pig density and active trade.

2.3 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

Though primarily associated with cattle, pigs are also susceptible to Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD outbreaks can cause high morbidity (illness) in pigs, resulting in reduced growth rates, reproductive failure, and mortality in young piglets. Trade restrictions following FMD outbreaks also significantly affect market access and farm revenue.

2.4 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

PRRS, sometimes called 'mystery swine disease,' causes significant reproductive losses including abortions, stillbirths, and weak-born piglets, alongside respiratory disease in growing pigs. While not yet as widely documented in Rwanda as ASF or CSF, PRRS represents a growing threat as pig imports and cross-border trade increase.

2.5 Environmental and Management-Related Mortality

Beyond infectious diseases, pig farmers in Rwanda face mortality risks related to heat stress during Rwanda's dry seasons, flooding of poorly designed piggeries during the rainy seasons, nutritional deficiencies due to feed quality fluctuations, and accidents such as crushing of piglets by sows. These events, while individually smaller in scale, collectively represent a significant source of financial losses for smallholder farmers.

Table 1: Major Disease and Mortality Risks for Pig Farmers in Rwanda

Disease/Risk	Mortality Rate	Vaccine Available	Risk Level in Rwanda
African Swine Fever	Up to 100%	No	VERY HIGH
Classical Swine Fever	30–90%	Yes	HIGH
Foot-and-Mouth Disease	Variable (low–high)	Yes	MEDIUM
PRRS	Low (high reproductive loss)	Partially	EMERGING

3. What Is Pig Farming Insurance and How Does It Work?

Livestock insurance, including pig farming insurance, is a financial product that compensates farmers for losses caused by the death or mandatory slaughter of animals due to insured perils — typically diseases, accidents, natural disasters, or other specified events. In exchange for a regular premium payment, the insurer agrees to pay out an agreed sum when a covered loss event occurs.

For pig farmers in Rwanda, insurance products can function as a critical buffer — transforming potentially catastrophic losses into manageable financial setbacks. Think of it as building a financial firebreak around your farm: you may still be hit by the fire of disease, but you will not lose everything to the flames.

3.1 Types of Pig Farming Insurance

1.Named Peril Insurance: Covers specific risks explicitly listed in the policy (e.g., ASF, CSF, FMD). Premiums are typically lower, but coverage is limited to named events only.

2.All-Risk or Comprehensive Mortality Insurance: Covers all causes of death or mandatory culling except for specifically excluded events. Offers broader protection at a higher premium cost.

3.Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI): A newer, innovative approach where payouts are triggered by measurable indices (such as outbreak zone declarations or mortality rate thresholds in a region) rather than individual farm assessments. This model is particularly promising for Rwanda's smallholder farmers who may lack formal records.

4.Revenue Protection Insurance: Covers income losses from disease-related reduced productivity, reproductive failure, or market exclusion — not just direct animal deaths. Still emerging in East African markets but increasingly relevant.

3.2 How the Payout Process Works

The insurance payout process for pig mortality in Rwanda generally follows these steps: First, the farmer reports a disease event or mortality to both the insurance company and the nearest veterinary authority — typically through Rwanda's district veterinary offices or RAB extension officers. Second, an independent veterinarian or insurer-appointed assessor visits the farm to verify the loss, confirm the cause of death, and assess the value of lost animals based on pre-agreed insured values. Third, the insurer processes the claim and, if approved, transfers compensation to the farmer — either as a cash payout to repurchase animals, cover operational costs, or service any outstanding farm loans.

💡 FarmXpert Pro Tip Always maintain proper farm records including purchase receipts, growth charts, veterinary treatment records, and photos of your herd. Insurers require documentation to validate claims, and farmers with organized records receive faster, larger payouts.

 

4. The Current Landscape of Agricultural Insurance in Rwanda

Rwanda has made significant strides in agricultural insurance in recent years, driven by government policy support, donor investment, and private sector innovation. The Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) has championed agricultural risk management as a key component of its strategic plan, recognizing that sustainable agricultural development cannot occur without financial protection mechanisms.

The Rwanda Development Board (RDB) has actively promoted public-private partnerships in the agricultural insurance space, creating an enabling environment for insurers to enter the livestock market. The government's Crop and Livestock Insurance (CLI) program, implemented in partnership with selected local and regional insurance companies, represents a major step toward mainstreaming agricultural insurance in Rwanda.

Check on  Rwanda Development Board, rdb.rw

4.1 Key Players in Rwanda's Agricultural Insurance Market

Several insurance companies and programs are currently active or developing agricultural insurance products in Rwanda. Sanlam General Insurance Rwanda offers livestock insurance products for smallholder farmers, including pig producers. UAP Insurance Rwanda has developed agricultural insurance portfolios covering multiple livestock species. RADEAL (Rwanda Agricultural Development Enterprise and Linkages) has supported pilot programs connecting farmers to insurance through digital platforms and cooperatives. The African Risk Capacity (ARC) — a specialized agency of the African Union — provides index-based parametric insurance models that have been explored for adaptation in the Rwandan context.

At the regional level, the African Risk Capacity Group (ARC) has pioneered index-based risk transfer products specifically designed for African agricultural systems, offering models applicable to Rwanda's pig farming sector.

Check on African Risk Capacity Group, www.africanriskcapacity.org

Despite this growing landscape, penetration of livestock insurance among pig farmers in Rwanda remains low. A 2023 survey by the Rwanda Cooperative Agency indicated that fewer than 8% of smallholder pig farmers carried any form of livestock insurance. Cost, awareness, and complexity of claims processes were cited as the primary barriers.

 

                Agricultural insurance Rwanda pig farmers

5. What Does Pig Farming Insurance Actually Cover?

Understanding exactly what your insurance policy covers — and what it excludes — is the most important step before signing any contract. Here is what comprehensive pig farming insurance in Rwanda should ideally cover:

5.1 Covered Events

1. Death from named infectious diseases: Including ASF, CSF, FMD, and other notifiable swine diseases recognized by WOAH.

2. Mandatory slaughter or culling: Compensation when government veterinary authorities require your pigs to be culled as part of a disease control zone, even if your animals have not yet shown clinical signs.

3. Accidental death and injury: Losses from farm accidents, including trampling, crushing injuries in farrowing pens, and electrocution.

4. Death from natural disasters: Including flooding, fire, and severe weather events that result in pig mortality.

5. Theft with violence: Some comprehensive policies cover loss of pigs through forcible theft or burglary, particularly important for commercial farms with valuable breeding stock.

5.2 Common Exclusions to Watch For

1.Negligence or mismanagement: Deaths attributable to inadequate feeding, poor biosecurity, or failure to follow recommended vaccination protocols are typically excluded.

2.Pre-existing conditions: Animals that were already sick at the time of policy inception are usually not covered.

3.Disease not on the named list (for named-peril policies): If a new or unusual disease causes your losses, you may not be compensated under a named-peril policy.

4.Losses below a deductible threshold: Most policies require the farmer to bear a minimum percentage of losses (typically 10–20%) before compensation kicks in.

📋 Always Read the Fine Print Before purchasing any livestock insurance policy in Rwanda, ask your insurer specifically: (1) Which diseases are covered? (2) What documentation is required for claims? (3) What is the deductible? (4) How is animal value assessed? (5) What is the maximum payout per animal and per event?

 

6. How to Calculate the Right Insurance Coverage for Your Pig Farm

Getting the right level of coverage is both a science and an art. Too little insurance leaves you financially exposed; too much means you are paying premiums unnecessarily. Here is FarmXpert Group's practical framework for calculating appropriate pig farming insurance coverage in Rwanda:

6.1 Step-by-Step Coverage Calculator

Step 1 — Inventory Your Herd: Count all pigs by category: breeding sows, boars, weaners (post-weaning piglets), growers, and finishers. Record current market or replacement values for each category.

Step 2 — Estimate Total Herd Value: Multiply the number of animals in each category by their current market value. For example: 10 breeding sows × 120,000 RWF = 1,200,000 RWF; 2 boars × 150,000 RWF = 300,000 RWF; 50 growers × 60,000 RWF = 3,000,000 RWF. Total herd insurable value = 4,500,000 RWF.

Step 3 — Identify Your Highest Risk Period: Pigs are most vulnerable to disease during the wet seasons (February–April and October–December) when disease pressure from flooding and increased wildlife contact is highest. Ensure full coverage is in place before these high-risk windows.

Step 4 — Choose Your Coverage Level: For a comprehensive named-peril policy including ASF and CSF, budget approximately 3–6% of your total insured herd value per year as your annual premium. For all-risk coverage, expect premiums of 5–8%.

Step 5 — Factor in Credit Obligations: If your pigs were purchased with a loan from a bank or SACCO (Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisation), your lender will almost certainly require you to insure your collateral. Ensure your insured value covers at least the outstanding loan balance. 

               How to calculate pig farming insurance Rwanda

7.The Role of Cooperatives in Making Insurance Accessible

One of the most powerful — and underutilized — tools for expanding pig farming insurance access in Rwanda is the agricultural cooperative. Rwanda has an exceptionally strong cooperative culture, with thousands of registered agricultural cooperatives active across all provinces. These structures can serve as natural platforms for group-based livestock insurance schemes.

Group insurance, also known as cooperative or collective insurance, works by pooling the risk of all cooperative members under a single policy. This delivers several key benefits: lower per-farmer premiums through economies of scale; simplified enrollment and claims processes through the cooperative management structure; peer monitoring that reduces moral hazard (farmers cheating the system); and stronger negotiating power with insurance companies.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) Microinsurance Innovation Facility has documented numerous successful examples of cooperative-based livestock insurance schemes across Africa that have achieved penetration rates of 40–60% among member farmers — far higher than individual market penetration rates.

Check on ILO Microinsurance Innovation Facility, www.ilo.org

FarmXpert Group actively supports pig farming cooperatives in Rwanda in structuring their group insurance arrangements. We help cooperatives assess their collective risk profile, identify suitable insurance partners, and build the internal documentation and record-keeping systems that insurance companies require.

Learn more about how FarmXpert Group supports pig farming cooperatives at www.farmxpertgroup.com/cooperatives.

8. Digital Technology and the Future of Pig Insurance in Rwanda

The insurance landscape in Rwanda — and across Africa — is being transformed by digital technology. InsurTech (Insurance Technology) innovations are lowering barriers to entry, reducing administrative costs, and making it possible to offer affordable micro-insurance products to smallholder pig farmers who were previously too small or too remote to serve profitably.

8.1 Mobile-Based Insurance Platforms

Rwanda's exceptional mobile money penetration — anchored by MTN Mobile Money and Airtel Money — has created an infrastructure capable of supporting digital insurance products. Several InsurTech companies are now developing mobile-based livestock insurance products that allow farmers to enroll, pay premiums, and file claims entirely through their mobile phones, without ever visiting a physical office.

8.2 Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing for Claims

International organizations including the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) are pioneering the use of satellite imagery and remote sensing to monitor livestock health conditions and trigger insurance payouts without requiring field inspectors to visit each farm. This technology is particularly promising for Rwanda's hilly terrain, where access to remote farms can be challenging.

Check on  International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), www.ilri.org

8.3 Blockchain-Based Livestock Records

Blockchain technology is beginning to be explored for agricultural insurance in Africa, offering tamper-proof digital records of livestock identity, health history, vaccination status, and ownership. For pig farmers in Rwanda, blockchain-based livestock passports could dramatically simplify the claims verification process and reduce fraud — the biggest concern for insurance companies considering entering the smallholder market.

 

         Digital pig insurance Rwanda mobile technology

9. Integrating Biosecurity with Insurance: The Smarter Approach

Insurance should never be a substitute for good biosecurity practice — it should complement it. Insurance companies in Rwanda and globally will not insure recklessly managed farms, and even if they do, repeated claims will result in premium hikes or policy cancellation. The smartest pig farmers understand that strong biosecurity reduces disease incidence, which reduces claims, which keeps premiums affordable, which makes insurance sustainable over the long term.

9.1 Core Biosecurity Practices That Support Insurability

1.Vaccination: Maintaining up-to-date vaccination records for CSF and other vaccine-preventable diseases is typically required for insurance coverage and demonstrates responsible management.

2.Quarantine protocols: All new animals entering the farm should be isolated for a minimum of 21 days and observed for disease signs before joining the main herd.

2.Controlled access: Farm visitors, feed delivery vehicles, and equipment should be disinfected before entering pig housing areas.

3.Carcass disposal: Dead pigs must be disposed of safely — through burial or incineration — to prevent disease spread and satisfy insurance requirements.

4.Veterinary relationship: Farms with regular veterinary supervision and records are viewed more favorably by insurers and receive more favorable premium rates.

FarmXpert Group provides farms with customized biosecurity assessments and improvement plans that simultaneously reduce disease risk and improve insurance eligibility and affordability.

Explore our biosecurity consulting services at www.farmxpertgroup.com/biosecurity.

10. Government Policy and Support for Pig Farming Insurance in Rwanda

Rwanda's government has been an important enabler of agricultural insurance, providing both direct subsidies and a supportive regulatory environment. The Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) has included agricultural insurance in its strategic plans as a risk management priority, recognizing its role in building a resilient agricultural sector.

The World Bank's Agriculture Global Practice has supported Rwanda in designing agricultural risk management frameworks, including feasibility studies for scaling livestock insurance across the East African Community (EAC) region.

Check on World Bank Agriculture Global Practice,www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture

 10.1 Premium Subsidies and Support Programs

Rwanda's government has piloted premium subsidy programs for selected agricultural insurance products, reducing the cost burden on smallholder farmers. Under these programs, the government covers a portion of the insurance premium — typically 30–50% — to make coverage accessible to farmers who would otherwise find premiums prohibitive. Farmers accessing subsidized insurance are typically required to register with RAB, maintain farm records, and adhere to recommended management practices.

10.2 The Role of SACCOs and Agri-Finance

Rwanda's extensive network of Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs) has become an important channel for linking pig farmers to insurance products. Many SACCOs now bundle insurance requirements into their agricultural loan products — meaning that when a farmer borrows to buy pigs, they are automatically enrolled in a basic insurance policy, with the premium collected alongside loan repayments. This 'credit-linked insurance' model has proven highly effective at reaching previously uninsured smallholder farmers at scale.

11. Real-World Examples: Insurance in Action

11.1 Case Study: How a Pig Cooperative in Musanze Used Insurance to Survive an ASF Outbreak

In 2022, a pig farming cooperative in Musanze District, comprising 47 smallholder farmers with a collective herd of approximately 380 pigs, was hit by an African Swine Fever outbreak. The outbreak was detected early by a cooperative member who had attended a RAB-sponsored disease surveillance training. Within 72 hours, the cooperative leadership had reported the outbreak to district veterinary authorities and notified their insurance provider.

Because the cooperative had been enrolled in a group livestock insurance policy for two years — supported partly by a donor-funded agricultural development program — they were able to file a collective claim. Within six weeks, the cooperative received compensation that covered approximately 65% of their documented losses. While the outbreak was devastating, the insurance payout allowed the majority of members to restock within the same production season, rather than waiting years to rebuild from savings alone.

📊 Key Takeaway This real-world example illustrates three critical lessons: early disease detection saves animals and speeds claims; group insurance delivers better outcomes than individual policies; and two years of premium payments delivered a 650% return on investment when a loss event finally occurred.

 11.2 The Ethiopia ILRI Livestock Insurance Model: Lessons for Rwanda

Ethiopia's Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) program, developed and studied by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in partnership with Cornell University and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), offers powerful lessons applicable to Rwanda's pig farming sector. The IBLI program has demonstrated that index-based insurance products can reach smallholder farmers at scale, reduce administrative costs, and deliver timely payouts — all critical features for Rwanda's context.

Check on  ILRI Index-Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI), www.ilri.org

12. Step-by-Step Guide: How to Get Pig Farming Insurance in Rwanda

Ready to protect your pig farm? Here is FarmXpert Group's practical, step-by-step guide to getting insured in Rwanda:

1. Register your farm officially: Ensure your pig farm is registered with the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (RAB). Insurance companies require formal farm registration. Contact your nearest RAB district office or visit rab.gov.rw.

2. Build your farm documentation: Compile records including animal inventory lists, purchase receipts, veterinary treatment records, vaccination certificates, and recent photos of your herd. Organized records are essential for claims.

3. Assess your risks and coverage needs: Use the framework in Section 6 of this guide, or contact FarmXpert Group for a free farm risk assessment.

4. Compare insurance providers: Request quotations from at least three insurance providers operating in Rwanda's agricultural insurance space, including Sanlam General Insurance Rwanda and UAP Insurance Rwanda. Compare premiums, covered perils, exclusions, claims processes, and payout timelines.

5. Consider joining or forming a cooperative: Group insurance through a cooperative delivers better value. If you are not already a member of a pig farming cooperative, consider joining one or connecting with FarmXpert Group to explore group insurance options.

6. Sign your policy and pay your first premium: Read the policy document carefully before signing. Ensure you understand all exclusions, the claims reporting process, and the contact details for reporting a loss event.

7. Maintain continuous coverage: Insurance only works if your premiums are paid consistently. Lapses in coverage leave you exposed during the gap period. Set up mobile money automatic payments where available.

13. Challenges and the Path Forward

Honesty demands acknowledging that significant challenges remain in developing a robust pig farming insurance market in Rwanda. Low insurance literacy among farmers means many do not understand what insurance is or how it works. Basis risk in index-based products means payouts may not precisely match individual farmer losses. Limited veterinary infrastructure in remote districts makes on-site claims assessments slow and costly. And the ongoing threat of ASF — which currently lacks a vaccine — creates an underwriting challenge for insurers unwilling to accept unlimited exposure.

However, the trajectory is positive. Rwanda's strong government commitment to agricultural transformation, its excellent mobile money infrastructure, its vibrant cooperative movement, and its growing cadre of agri-finance professionals create a genuine foundation for scaling livestock insurance to reach the majority of pig farmers by 2030.

International frameworks such as the FAO's Framework for Agricultural Risk Management provide guidance for governments and private sector actors seeking to build inclusive, effective agricultural insurance markets in developing countries — directly applicable to Rwanda's context.

Check on FAO Agricultural Risk Management, www.fao.org/agricultural-risk-management

Your Pig Farm Deserves a Safety Net

Pig farming in Rwanda is full of promise — but it is also full of risk. Disease outbreaks do not send warning letters. Mortality events do not wait for convenient timing. And a herd that took years to build can be gone in a matter of days.

Insurance is not a luxury for large commercial farms. It is a basic risk management tool that every serious pig farmer in Rwanda — from the smallholder with 5 pigs in Nyamagabe to the commercial producer with 500 pigs in Kicukiro — deserves access to and should actively pursue.

The good news is that the infrastructure for pig farming insurance in Rwanda is improving rapidly. Government support, cooperative structures, digital platforms, and growing insurance provider interest are all converging to create better, more affordable products. What is needed now is farmer awareness, farmer action, and farmer advocacy.

At FarmXpert Group, we are committed to ensuring that Rwanda's pig farmers have access to the knowledge, tools, and connections they need to protect their livelihoods. Whether you need help assessing your farm's risk profile, finding the right insurance product, strengthening your biosecurity to improve your insurability, or organizing your cooperative for group coverage — we are here to help.

🐷 Ready to Protect Your Pig Farm? Contact FarmXpert Group today for a FREE farm risk assessment and insurance consultation. 👉 Visit www.farmxpertgroup.com/contact 💬 Share this article with a fellow pig farmer | 🔔 Subscribe to our website| 📩 Leave a comment below

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