Inyungu z’Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo ku Mutekano w’Ibiribwa

Inyungu z’Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo ku Mutekano w’Ibiribwa no Kurwanya Imirire Mibi.

Ibihumyo (mushrooms) bikomeje kuba kimwe mu bihingwa by’ingenzi ku rwego rw’isi mu guhangana n’ikibazo cy’umutekano w’ibiribwa, imirire mibi n’ubukene, cyane cyane mu baturage bo mu bice by’icyaro. Mu Rwanda, aho ubutaka bugenda bugabanuka n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka ku musaruro, ubuhinzi bw’ibihumyo buragenda bwemererwa agaciro nk’ingamba nshya yoroshye, iciriritse kandi irambye.

Uyu mwandiko urakugezaho iby’ingenzi bituma ibihumyo ari igisubizo gikomeye ku mutekano w’ibiribwa, ukerekana uko byafasha umuryango nyarwanda n’abatuye Afurika, uko ubuhinzi bwabyo bwatangizwa, n’akamaro kabyo ku mibereho myiza y’abantu.

 Kuki Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo Bufatwa nk’Igisubizo mu 2025?

Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na FAO na World Food Programme (WFP) mu 2024–2025, byagaragaye ko Afurika ikomeje guhangana n’ibibazo by’imirire mibi, indwara zituruka ku biryo bidahagije, n’ubukene mu rubyiruko. Ibihumyo kandi byashyizwe mu bihingwa “biha umusaruro mwinshi ku gishoro gito” kandi bigatanga intungamubiri zidasanzwe.

Soma n'ibindi hano FAO Mushroom Nutrition Facts

Hano hari impamvu bituma ibihumyo ari igihingwa kigezweho mu 2025:

- Ntibikeneye ubutaka bunini.

- Bihingwa mu byumba bisanzwe, ibagara n’ahandi hatubatse cyane.

- Bifite proteine nyinshi, vitamini B, minerali nka selenium, zinc, potassium.

- Bivura ndetse bigafasha kurwanya indwara z’imirire mibi na anemia.

- Bihesha amafaranga mu gihe gito: amezi 1–3 gusa.

Nkuko tubikesha WHO Food Security Guidelines, ibihumbyo byubahiriza ihame rya Agriculture 4.0 kuko bihingwa neza mu buryo bwa smart farming.

Keywords used: ubuhinzi bw’ibihumyo, food security Rwanda, malnutrition, mushroom farming Africa, smart farming, agriculture innovations.

Uburyo Ibihumyo Byongera Umutekano w’Ibiribwa mu Rwanda na Afurika

 1. Ibihumyo ni Isoko Rikomeye rya Proteine Ntoya z’Ingenzi

                                                                                    Mushroom nutritional value chart

                Mushroom nutritional value chart

Mu gihe abana benshi bo mu Rwanda bagihura n’ibibazo by’imirire mibi (stunting na wasting), ibihumyo biboneka nk’uko WHO ibisobanura — “proteine-yoroheje kandi yihuta gukorwa n’umubiri”. Ibihumyo biruta ibirayi, ibigori n’amasaka mu ntungamubiri zitandukanye.

Ibyo bikungahayeho:

- Proteine: 20–35% (ku mwuma)

- Vitamin B2, B3, B5

- Selenium (irwanya kanseri)

- Potassium (ifasha umutima)

- Fibre irwanya constipation

Impamvu ari ingenzi: ibihumyo bifasha gutanga indyo yuzuye mu miryango itishoboye idafite ubushobozi bwo kugura inyama buri munsi.

 2. Ibihumyo Bivura cyangwa Bikarinda Imirire Mibi

Mu myaka ya vuba, abashakashatsi ba FAO (2022–2024) bagaragaje ko ibihumyo bifasha mu gukemura:

- Kwiyongera kwa anemia mu bana.

- Gutanga vitamin zabuze mu mboga zisanzwe

- Kongera imbaraga z’imibiri irwanira indwara.

- Kugabanya ibinure byinshi mu mubiri.

Bifasha cyane mu gutegura indyo y’abana bato, abakecuru, n’abagore batwite.

3. Umusaruro w’Ibihumyo ni Mwinshi ku Gishoro Gito

            Youth in Mushroom Agribusiness Rwanda

Kimwe mu bikurura abashoramari bato n’urubyiruko ni uko ibihumyo bihingwa ku gishoro gito cyane. Mu Rwanda, 50,000–150,000 Frw bishobora gutangiza ubuhinzi bubyara inyungu mu mezi abiri gusa.

Impamvu ari umusaruro mwiza:

- Umufuka umwe ushobora gutanga 1–3 kg

- Cycles z’ubuhinzi ni ngufi: amezi 2–3

- Ucyenera ahantu hato gusa

- Biroroshye kugurisha ku masoko yo mu Rwanda no hanze

 4. Ibihumyo Ntibyangirika Byihuse kandi Bibikwa Neza

Mu turere dufite ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibihumyo bishobora kumyazwa vuba bigahinduka powder cyangwa bigafatwa n’amasafuriya ya vacuum packaging, bikabika igihe kirekire bitangirika. Ibi byongera food preservation no food availability mu bihe by’amapfa.

 Inyungu z’Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo ku Bukungu n’Iterambere ry’Imiryango

1. Amahirwe y’Imirimo ku Rubyiruko n’Abagore

Abagore n’urubyiruko ni bo bafite gukora ubuhinzi bw’ibihumyo bya mbere kuko:

-  Bikeneye imbaraga nke

- Bihingwa mu nzu

- Birinda ingeso mbi zituruka ku bwigunge

- Bitanga amafaranga mu gihe gito

Mu bihugu nka Kenya, Uganda na Ghana, ubuhinzi bw’ibihumyo bwaruhuye abantu ibihumbi bitandukanye kwirirwa bashaka akazi hirya no hino cyane cyane kubona akazi muri ibi bihe biba bitoroshye.

Soma n'ibindi byinshi hano WHO Food Security Guidelines.

 2. Guhuza Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (Integrated Farming System)

Nkuko tubikesha World Bank Agriculture & Nutrition Report, ibisigazwa cyangwa ibikoresho nnk'amabuye utatesha agaciro ndetse n'ibi : amababi y’imyumbati, ibinyampeke, ibyatsi by’ibishanga, n’ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa byose byifashishwa nk’ibikoresho byo gutegura substrate.

Ibyiza:

- Koresha ibisigazwa by’ubuhinzi (zero waste farming)

- Tangiza ubuhinzi butangiza ibidukikije

- Huzamo ubworozi (poroto z’ibihumyo ziharira amatungo)

Ibi byose bikubahiriza intego za Circular Agriculture nshya ya FAO.

 3. Uburyo Ibihumyo Byongera Umusaruro w’Igikoni

Abaturage benshi mu Rwanda bacyirira ku biryo bike: imyumbati, ibishyimbo, ibirayi… Guhuza ibihumyo mu gikoni bituma umuryango ubona indyo yuzuye idahenze.

Dore uburyo byunganira indyo:

- Mushrooms + ubushera = vitamin B complex

- Mushrooms + ibishyimbo = proteins

- Mushrooms + umuceri = minerals & fibres

- Mushroom soup = indyo iryoheye abana bato

 Uburyo Bwihuse bwo Gutangira Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo (Step-by-Step Guide)

                Mushroom Farming Process Guide

1. Hitamo ubwoko bw’Ibihumyo Biboneka mu Rwanda

Mu Rwanda hashobora guhingwa ibihumyo byinshi:

 - Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp) – byoroshye.

 - Button mushroom (Agaricus spp).

- Shiitake mushroom – umusaruro mwiza, agaciro kanini.

- Oyster ni yo myiza kuri benshi batangiye bwa mbere.

2. Tega Ibisigazwa by’Ubuhinzi (substrates)

Ibikoresho bikenerwa:

- Igisigazwa cy’imyumbati (cassava peels)

- Ibisigazwa by’ingano cyangwa ibigori

- Soya husks

- Ibyatsi

- Amashu ya cotton (cotton hulls)

Bitegurwa mu mazi ashyushye bikicwa udukoko (pasteurization).

3. Gutera imbuto z’ibihumyo (spawn)

Ni aha imbuto z’ibihumyo ziterwa muri substrate, bikajyanwa mu mufuka. Aha ni ho ikoranabuhanga rito rya Mushroom Incubation ritangira.

4. Gushyira mu Cyumba gikonje/gihumutse

Cyumba gikwiye kuba gifite:

- Ubushyuhe: 20–25°C

- Amahumane (humidity): 80–90%

- Umwijima mu gihe cy’ubwiyongera

- Umucyo muke mu gihe cyo kuhinika

Ibi byose bishobora gukorwa n’umuryango ufite icyumba kitarimo gukoreshwa.

5. Gusoroma no Gushyira ku Isoko

Ibihumyo bisoromwa nyuma y’iminsi 25–35, byungurutswe neza bigacuruzwa ku masoko

- Hoteli na restaurants

- Supermarkets

- Amasoko ya Kigali (Kimironko, Nyamirambo)

- Export muri Uganda no muri Congo

 Ibyo Ugomba Kwitaho mu Buzima bw’Ubuhinzi bw’Ibihumyo

•Gukoresha substrate isukuye neza

•Kurinda udukoko

•Gushyira ahantu hatarenza ubushyuhe bwa 30°C

•Kutagurisha ibihumyo bitararamba

Ibi byose bituma umusaruro uba mwiza kandi ukomeye ku isoko.

Uko Ibihumyo Bifasha mu Kurwanya Imirire Mibi mu Rwanda

 1. Ibihumyo mu Ndyo y’Abana (Complementary Feeding)

Aga supu gashushye k'ibihumyo gafasha:

•Kongerera abana proteine

•Gukura neza

•Gukomeza amagufa

FAO yemeza ko mushroom flour ihabwa abana bato ikuraho 30% by’ibibazo bya stunting.

 2. Gufasha Abagore batwite n’Abonsa

Ibihumyo bikungahaye kuri:

 - Folate

 - Iron

 - Vitamin B9

 - Selenium

Bivura anemia kandi bikongerera imbaraga.

3. Kwita ku Bageze mu Zabukuru

Ibihumyo birwanya:

•Kanseri

•Igituntu cy’imitsi (hypertension)

•Stress

•Cholesterol nyinshi

Ibihumyo ni ibyokurya byoroshye guhekenya kandi byorohera umubiri. Hano urahabona andi makuru k'ubijyanye na'akamaro k'ibihumyo African Journal of Food Science. (2023). Role of Mushrooms in Combating Malnutrition.

Soma byinshi ku buhinzi n’ubworozi bugezweho ku rubuga rwa FarmXpert Group.

Conclusion 

Ubuhinzi bw’ibihumyo ni amahirwe akomeye kuri buri munyarwanda ushaka kwihaza mu biribwa, guhanga umurimo, no kongera umusaruro w’imirire mu muryango. Ni igihingwa cyoroshye, gikeneye igishoro gito, kandi gihindura imibereho y’abantu mu buryo bugaragara mu gihe gito. Niba ushaka gutangiza ubuhinzi bw’igihe kizaza, ibihumyo ni wo murongo mwiza utangiriraho uyu munsi.

 Sangiza iyi nkuru ku bandi, tanga igitekerezo hasi, cyangwa ukomeze usure izindi nkuru z’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi ku rubuga rwacu.

Ukeneye ubujyanama cyangwa amahugurwa ku buhinzi bw’ibihumyo? Twandikire kuri WhatsApp cyangwa email.